編輯推薦：

亞伯拉罕·馬斯洛，國際上*有影響力的心理學家之一，開拓了心理學史上的第三思潮——“人本主義心理學”，被譽為“人本主義心理學之父”。《動機與人格》是馬斯洛*經典的著作。

應用的領域較廣

本書在心理學、管理學、教育學、社會學、哲學等領域都享有盛譽，為多個領域的研究者所熟悉。

具備新版的特點

 

 

內容簡介：

本書是“人本主義心理學之父”馬斯洛的代表作，本書奠定了馬斯洛的學術地位。本書 中，馬斯洛提出了許多精彩的理論，其中需求層次理論、自我實現理論、高峰體驗理論*為廣大讀者所 熟悉。本書自1954年初版后，對管理學、心理學、教育學、社會學等學科領域和實際工作產生了巨大的 影響力。 本書是一部經典的、解讀“人性”的著作。閱讀本書，就如同在傾聽自己內心的聲音。它并不晦澀 難懂，適合每一位想了解自己、了解人性的讀者閱讀。

作者簡介：

馬斯洛（1908—1970），“人本心理學之父”，當代偉大的心理學家之一，曾擔任美國心理學學會主席。《動機與人格》是他重要的著作之一，奠定了他的學術定位。

美國知名作家、教育家喬治?倫納德評價他說：在改變我們對人性和人類可能性的看法方面，亞伯拉罕?馬斯洛所做的，比過去50年中其他任何一位美國心理學家所做的都要多。他的影響，仍在繼續直接或間接地增長，特別是在健康、教育和管理理論領域，以及在幾百萬美國人的私人和社會生活中。

目 錄：

第3版序
第2版序
寫在前面的話
亞伯拉罕·馬斯洛的影響 51
引言 51
馬斯洛的影響 52
生平簡歷 56
參考文獻 65
第1部分
動機理論 1
第1章 動機理論引言 2
作為一個整體的個人 2
作為動機狀態典型的饑餓 3

第3版序

第2版序

寫在前面的話

亞伯拉罕·馬斯洛的影響 51

引言 51

馬斯洛的影響 52

生平簡歷 56

參考文獻 65

第1部分

動機理論 1

第1章 動機理論引言 2

作為一個整體的個人 2

作為動機狀態典型的饑餓 3

 

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Motivation and Personality 

THIRD EDITION 

手段和目的 5

無意識動機 6

欲望與文化 6

復雜多樣的動機 7

促動狀態 8

滿足產生新的動機 9

不可能列出內驅力一覽表 10

按照基本目標為動機分類 12

動物資料不足以說明問題 12

環境 14

整合作用 16

無動機的行為 17

達到目的的可能性 18

現實和無意識 18

健康人的動機 21

第2章 人類動機理論 22

基本需要的層次 22

基本的認知需要 36

基本需要的特點 41

第3章 基本需要的滿足 52

滿足一個基本需要所產生的一些后果 53

學習和需要的滿足 56

需要滿足和性格形成 58

滿足和健康 62

滿足和病態 65

需求滿足理論的應用 66

滿足的影響 70

 

3

 

目錄

第4章 重新考察本能理論 75

重新考察本能理論的重要性 75

對傳統本能理論的批判 77

類本能理論中的基本需要 86

第5章 需要的層次 92

高級需要與低級需要的差異 93

需要層次存在的后果 97

第6章 非動機的行為 103

應對與表達 105

表達性行為 115

第2部分

心里病態與正常狀態 121

第7章 心理病理的起源 122

剝奪與威脅 122

沖突和威脅 125

威脅的個體化定義 128

作為威脅的精神創傷和疾病 129

作為威脅的對自我實現的抑制 130

病理狀態的根源 131

總結 132

第8章 破壞性是本能的嗎？ 133

動物 134

兒童 138

 

人類學 142

臨床經驗 143

來自內分泌學、遺傳學等的材料 144

一些理論上的考慮 145

破壞性：本能還是習得？ 148

第9章 作為良好人際關系的心理治療 150

心理治療與需要滿足 153

良好的人際關系 159

良好社會 171

專業的心理治療 176

第10章 達到正常與健康的方法 182

“正常”的標準概念 184

新的概念 187

我們可以成為什么 189

內在的人性 193

從非本質屬性中區分出固有屬性 195

健康的前提條件 197

環境與人格 199

心理學烏托邦 200

“正常”的本質 201

第3部分

自我實現 203

第11章 自我實現的人 204

研究 205

觀察結果 209

 

第12章 自我實現者的愛情 247

開放性 248

愛與被愛 248

性 249

對自我的超越 252

嬉戲與娛樂 253

對他人的尊重 253

作為對自身獎賞的愛情 255

利他主義的愛 257

分離與個性 258

第13章 自我實現者的創造性 260

先入之見 260

新的范例 261

自我實現的創造性 263

“非此即彼”的消解 265

沒有恐懼感 267

高峰體驗 268

創造性的層次 271

創造性與自我實現 275

第4部分

人類科學的方法論 277

第14章 新心理學的問題 278

學習 279

知覺 280

情緒 281

動機 282

 

智力 284

認知和思維 285

臨床心理學 286

動物心理學 288

社會心理學 289

人格 294

第15章 關于科學的心理學研究 296

對科學家的研究 297

科學和人類價值 297

理解的價值觀 298

人類和自然界的規律 299

科學社會學 300

認識實在的各種方法 300

心理健康 303

第16章 方法中心與問題中心 305

過分強調技術 305

方法中心與科學上的正統 310

第17章 陳規化的認知與真正的認知 315

注意 316

感知 321

學習 324

思想 331

語言 339

理論 341

第18章 心理學的整體論方法 344

整體動力學方法 344

 

人格癥候群的概念 355

人格癥候群的特征 361

研究人格癥候群 373

人格癥候群的層次與特性 380

人格癥候群和行為 382

癥候群資料的邏輯和數學表達 385

后記 亞伯拉罕.馬斯洛的豐碩成果 391

引言

人本心理學 402

介紹 402

心理學 407

后人本心理學 412

教育：人本主義價值觀及新的學習方法 416

馬斯洛對工作與管理的影響 421

健康與全人 425

動機、自我實現理論與女性心理學 428

協同性社會 430

持續不斷的收獲 435

動機與人格的引文回顧 435

參考文獻與選讀 438

亞伯拉罕·馬斯洛的著作參考文獻 448

人名索引 468

主題標引 471

 

CONTENTS

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

Foreword

THE 

INFLUENCE 

OF 

ABRAHAM 

MASLOW 

51

By Robert Frager

Introduction 51

Maslow’s Influence 52

A Short Biography 56

References 65

ONE

MOTIVATION 

THEORY 

1

Chapter 1 Preface to Motivation Theory 2

Holistic Approach 2

A Paradigm for Motivational States 3

Means and Ends 5

 

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Motivation and Personality 

THIRD EDITION 

Unconscious Motivation 6

Commonality of Human Desires 6

Multiple Motivations 7

Motivating States 8

Satisfactions Generate New

　Motivations 9

Impossibility of Listing Drives 10

Classifying Motivation According to

　Fundamental Goals 12

Inadequacy of Animal Data 12

Environment 14

Integrated Action 16

Unmotivated Behaviors 17

Possibility of Attainment 18

Reality and the Unconscious 18

Motivation of Highest Human Capacities 21

Chapter 2 A Theory of Human Motivation 22

The Basic Need Hierarchy 22

The Basic Cognitive Needs 36

Characteristics of the Basic Needs 41

Chapter 3 Gratification of Basic Needs 52

Consequences of Satisfying a Basic Need 53

Learning and Gratification 56

Gratification and Character Formation 58

Gratification and Health 62

Gratification and Pathology 65

Implications of Gratification Theory 66

Influence of Gratification 70

 

11

 

CONTENTS

Chapter 4 Instinct Theory Reexamined 75

The Importance of Reexamination 75

Critique of Traditional Instinct Theory 77

Basic Needs In Instinct Theory 86

Chapter 5 The Hierarchy of Needs 92

Differences Between Higher and Lower Needs 93

Consequences of a Hierarchy of Needs 97

Chapter 6 Unmotivated Behavior 103

Coping Versus Expression 105

Expressive Behaviors 115

TWO

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 

AND 

NORMALITY 121

Chapter 7 Origins of Pathology 122

Deprivation and Threat 122

Conflict and Threat 125

Individual Definition of Threat 128

Trauma and Illness as Threat 129

Inhibition of Self-Actualization as Threat 130

The Source of Pathology 131

Summary 132

Chapter 8 Is Destructiveness Instinctive? 133

Animals 134

Children 138

Anthropology 142

 

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Motivation and Personality 

THIRD EDITION 

Clinical Experience 143

Endocrinology and Genetics 144

Theoretical Considerations 145

Destructiveness: Instinctive or Learned? 148

Chapter 9 Psychotherapy as Good Human

Relationships 150

Psychotherapy and Need Grtification 153

Good Human Relationships 159

The Good Society 171

Professional Psychotherapy 176

Chapter 10 Approaches to Normality and Health 182

Standard Concepts 184

New Concepts 187

What We May Become 189

Inherent Human Nature 193

Differentiating the Inherent from the Accidental 195

Conditions for Health 197

Environment and Personality 199

Psychological Utopia 200

The Nature of Normality 201

THREE

SELF-ACTUALIZATION 203

Chapter 11 Self-actualizing People:A Study of 

Psychological Health 204

The Study 205

 

The Observations 209

Chapter 12 Love in Self-actualizing People 247

Openness 248

To Love and Be Loved 248

Sexuality 249

Ego-Transcendence 252

Fun and Gaiety 253

Respect for Others 253

Love As Its Own Reward 255

Altruistic Love 257

Detachment and Individuality 258

前 言：

PREFACE TO THE THIRD
EDITION
Motivation and Personality is an original record of the work in
progress of one of the most creative psychologists of this century. It
has become a primary reference for anyone interested in Abraham H.
Maslow’s theories, as clearly evidenced by growing attention from
authors in many major professional journals in psychology, education,
business, and social studies, among other fields. Although the first
edition of this book was published in 1954 and the second in 1970, its

PREFACE TO THE THIRD 

EDITION

Motivation and Personality is an original record of the work in 

progress of one of the most creative psychologists of this century. It 

has become a primary reference for anyone interested in Abraham H. 

Maslow’s theories, as clearly evidenced by growing attention from 

authors in many major professional journals in psychology, education, 

business, and social studies, among other fields. Although the first 

edition of this book was published in 1954 and the second in 1970, its 

influence has continued to grow over the years. From 1971 to 1976, 

Motivation and Personality was cited as a reference 489 times, an 

average of over 97 references a year. From 1976 t0 1980, more than 

20 years after publication of the first edition, citations rose to 791, an 

average of over 198 citations a year.

This third edition of Motivation and Personality has been revised 

to highlight Maslow’s creative thinking and emphasize his far-reaching 

concepts. Within the text itself, we have reordered the chapters, 

added new headings and subheadings in one chapter, and deleted a 

few sections of dated material. Chapter 13 is a new addition to this 

book. It is the text of a lecture Maslow gave in 1958 at Michigan State 

University. In the hope of enhancing the reader’s sense of the historical 

 

18

 

Motivation and Personality 

THIRD EDITION 

and intellectual context of the book, several other features have been 

added to this edition: a brief biography of Maslow, an afterword on 

the extensive effect of Maslow’s vision in contemporary lives, chapter 

introductions, a citation study, and a complete bibliography of his 

work.

This edition has four major sections: l. Motivation Theory, 

2. Psychopathology and Normality, 3. Self-Actualization, and 
3. Methodologies for a Human Science.

Chapter l, “Preface to Motivation Theory,” provides a humanistic 

critique of traditional behaviorist theories of motivation. Maslow 

systematically lists the limitations of traditional motivation theory. 

He emphasizes the need to consider the whole person, the effects of 

culture, environment, multiple motivation, nonmotivated behavior, 

healthy motivation. In short, Maslow lays out the major foundations 

for a truly human theory of motivation.

Chapter 2, “A Theory of Human Motivation,” is a classic 

presentation of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Maslow provides 

a brilliant and elegant integration of behaviorist, Freudian, and 

humanistic psychology. The need hierarchy has become a widely 

used paradigm in business, advertising, and other applications of 

psychology.

Maslow argues that all human needs can be arrranged in a 

hierarchy, beginning with physical needs—for air, food, and water. 

Next come four levels of psychological needs—for safety, love, 

esteem, and self-actualization. Maslow argues that our higher needs 

are as real and as integral a part of human nature as our need for food. 

He avoids the oversimplifications of both behaviorist and Freudian 

positions.

In Chapter 3, “Gratification of Basic Needs,” Maslow explores 

some of the implications of his need hierarchy. He discusses need 

 

19

 

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION

gratification, its consequences, and its relation to leaning, character 

formation, psychological health, pathology, and a variety of other 

phenomena.

Maslow reexamines the classic psychological theory of instinct 

in Chapter 4, “Instinct Theory Reexamined.” This theory applies the 

biological concept of instinct to human behavior. Instinctivists look 

for the roots of all behavior in inherited instincts, as opposed to the 

behaviorists who have tended to explain all behavior in terms of 

leaning.

In this chapter, Maslow summarizes the major problems 

of the instinctivist approach. He argues that any careful look at 

human behavior will show a mixture of the effects of heredity and 

environment. Maslow writes that human needs do have an instinctive 

component, but generally one that is weak. Normal, healthy human 

beings are not dominated by their instinctive needs, nor are they deeply 

frustrated if some of their instinctive needs are unfulfilled.

Freud held that the demands of our egos and our culture are 

inevitably at odds with our deepest, essentially selfish instincts. 

Maslow disagrees. He argues that we are essentially good and 

cooperative, that we can be fulfilled by our culture rather than 

frustrated by it.

In Chapter 5, “The Hierarchy of Needs,” Maslow discusses 

the differences between needs that are higher and those that are 

lower in the need hierarchy. He argues that higher needs are later 

evolutionary developments and also that they develop later in each 

individual. Higher needs are less demanding and can be postponed 

longer. Satisfaction of higher needs produces more happiness and 

leads to greater individual growth. It also requires a better external 

environment.

Next, Maslow explores some of the implications of his hierarchy. 

 

Maslow’s need hierarchy is one way of doing justice to the richness 

and complexity of higher human functioning and at the same time 

placing human behavior on a single continuum with the motivation 

and behavior of all organisms. Maslow also outlines the model’s 

implications for philosophy, values, psychotherapy, culture, and 

theology.

In Chapter 6, “Unmotivated Behavior,” Maslow expands 

traditional psychological concerns to include expressive and artistic 

behavior. Behavioral psychologists of his day tended to ignore 

everything but learned, motivated behavior. Maslow points out that not 

all behavior is motivated or purposive. Expressive behaviors, including 

singing, dancing, and play, are relatively spontaneous, unpurposeful, 

and enjoyable in their own right. They are also worthy of the attention 

of psychology.

Maslow discusses two kinds of need frustration in Chapter 7, 

“Origins of Pathology.” Threatening frustration produces pathology. 

Nonthreatening frustration does not. Maslow argues that not all 

frustration is threatening, and, in fact, deprivation may have positive 

as well as negative effects. Maslow also discusses threatening and 

nonthreatening conflict, arguing here too that some kinds of conflict 

can have positive consequences.

In Chapter 8, “Is Destructiveness Instinctive?,” Maslow argues 

that destructiveness is not innate. He reviews evidence from studies 

of animals, children, and cross-cultural behavior indicating that in 

a healthy, supportive environment there is virtually no destructive 

behavior. He argues that for destructiveness, as for any behavior, 

we must consider three factors: the individual’s character structure, 

cultural pressures, and the immediate situation.

Maslow begins Chapter 9, “Psychotherapy as Good Human 

Relationships,” by relating psychotherapy to traditional concepts of 

 

experimental psychology, such as threat, act completion, and need-

gratification.

By acknowledging the central theoretical role of need-gratification, 

Maslow argues that we can understand how different therapeutic 

systems are all effective and how relatively untrained psychotherapists 

can also be effective. He points out that our basic needs can be 

satisfied only interpersonally. These include satisfaction of the needs 

in Maslow’s need hierarchy—needs for safety, belongingness, love, 

and self-esteem.

Maslow argues that good human relations are essentially 

therapeutic and, conversely, that good therapy is built on a good 

human relationship between therapist and patient. For Maslow, a 

good society is one in which good human relations are fostered and 

encouraged. A good society is also a psychologically healthy society. 

Maslow stresses that there will always be a role for professional 

psychotherapists, especially for those people who no longer even 

seek basic need gratification and could not accept such gratification if 

offered. For such individuals, professional therapy is needed to make 

consciously available their unconscious thoughts, desires, frustrations, 

and inhibitions.